# SAT command of evidence: quantitative (graphs and tables)

Canonical: https://duckyhelper.com/learn/sat-reading-writing/command-of-evidence-quantitative/
Updated: 2026-10-01

Quantitative evidence questions show a table or graph and ask which data best completes or supports a claim. Read the claim in the passage first, not the graph. Then read the graph's title, labels and units. The right answer must be accurate to the data and must prove the exact claim. Many wrong answers are true facts from the graph that do not prove anything the passage says.

## What the question looks like

This skill is in the **Information and Ideas** domain. College Board describes it as using quantitative evidence, meaning data from an informational graphic, to support, challenge or respond to a claim. The graphics are tables, bar graphs and line graphs. The usual stem is *Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?* You do not need to calculate much. You need to read carefully.

## The rule: accurate and relevant

**Every choice must pass two tests**

| Test | Question to ask | Typical wrong answer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Accurate | Does the graph really show this number, group and direction? | Swaps two groups, reads the wrong year, or says *rose* when it fell |
| Relevant | Does it prove the exact claim in the passage? | A true fact from the graph about something the claim does not mention |

1. Read the passage and underline the claim, especially the part right before the blank.
2. Read the graph title, axis labels, legend and units.
3. Predict which numbers would prove the claim.
4. Check each choice for accuracy first, then for relevance.

## Worked examples

**Example 1 data: a student's bean seedling experiment (height after three weeks)**

| Hours of light per day | Average height (cm) |
| --- | --- |
| 4 | 6 |
| 8 | 11 |
| 12 | 15 |
| 16 | 15 |

**Example 1: a claim with a limit**

Problem: A student grew bean seedlings with different amounts of light. The student concluded that more light helped the seedlings grow, but only up to a point: ______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement? Choices: seedlings given 12 hours and 16 hours of light grew to the same average height, 15 cm. / seedlings given 4 hours of light grew to an average height of 6 cm. / seedlings given 8 hours of light grew taller than those given 4 hours. / seedlings given 16 hours of light grew to an average height of 20 cm.

1. Read the claim: more light helps, *but only up to a point*. The blank must prove the limit.
2. Predict: a place where more light stopped making a difference. That is 12 to 16 hours, both 15 cm.
3. Check: the 4-hour and 8-hour choices are accurate but only show that light helps, not the limit. The 20 cm choice is not in the table.

Answer: seedlings given 12 hours and 16 hours of light grew to the same average height, 15 cm.

**Example 2 data: a school survey of average daily screen time**

| Grade | Average hours per day |
| --- | --- |
| 6 | 3.1 |
| 8 | 4.0 |
| 10 | 4.6 |
| 12 | 4.4 |

**Example 2: a trend that changes direction**

Problem: A school surveyed students about screen time. The survey suggests that screen time rose from grade 6 to grade 10 but did not keep rising after that: ______ Choices: it went from 4.6 hours in grade 10 to 4.4 hours in grade 12. / grade 6 students averaged 3.1 hours. / grade 8 students averaged more than 4 hours. / it rose from 4.0 hours in grade 8 to 4.6 hours in grade 12.

1. The blank comes after *did not keep rising after that*. So it must show what happened after grade 10.
2. Grade 10 to grade 12 went from 4.6 to 4.4, a small drop. The first choice says this.
3. Grade 6 and grade 8 facts do not show what happened after grade 10. *More than 4 hours* is also wrong, because 4.0 is not more than 4. The last choice gives grade 12 the grade 10 value, so it is inaccurate.

Answer: it went from 4.6 hours in grade 10 to 4.4 hours in grade 12.

## Common mistakes and fixes

| Mistake | Fix |
| --- | --- |
| Reading the graph before the claim | Read the claim first so you know what you are looking for. |
| Picking a true but irrelevant fact | Ask: does this prove the words right before the blank? True is not enough. |
| Missing the units or the legend | Read the title, axis labels and key before any numbers. Thousands and percent are easy to mix up. |
| Proving only half of a two-part claim | If the claim has *and* or *but*, the answer needs both parts. |
| Reading the wrong row or bar | Put your finger or cursor on the row as you check each number. |

> **Tip: Use the annotation tool**
>
> In the test app you can highlight text. Highlight the claim in the passage before you look at the graph, so your eyes go back to it as you check each choice.

## Practice

**Five data questions**

1. A student counted birds at a backyard feeder for one week. Data: sparrows 42, finches 35, cardinals 12, blue jays 8 (97 birds in all). The student claims that the two most common kinds of birds together made up more than three-quarters of all the birds counted. Which choice most effectively uses the data to support the claim?
   A. Sparrows were the most common bird, with 42 sightings.
   B. Sparrows and finches together numbered 77 of the 97 birds counted.
   C. Cardinals outnumbered blue jays by 4.
   D. Finches were counted 35 times.

   Answer: Sparrows and finches together numbered 77 of the 97 birds counted.. Three-quarters of 97 is about 73, and 77 is more than that, so this proves the claim. The other choices are accurate but each mentions only one or two numbers that do not show the combined share of the top two.

2. A town library recorded the number of new library cards it issued each year. Data: 2019, 1,200; 2020, 700; 2021, 900; 2022, 1,300. The librarian claims that new card numbers fell sharply in 2020 but had fully recovered by 2022. Which choice most effectively uses the data to support the claim?
   A. The number fell every year from 2019 to 2022.
   B. The number rose from 700 in 2020 to 900 in 2021.
   C. The number was highest in 2019.
   D. The number fell from 1,200 in 2019 to 700 in 2020, then reached 1,300 in 2022.

   Answer: The number fell from 1,200 in 2019 to 700 in 2020, then reached 1,300 in 2022.. The claim has two parts: a sharp fall in 2020 and a full recovery by 2022. Only the choice that goes from 1,200 down to 700 and then to 1,300 shows both, since 1,300 is above the 2019 level. The rise to 900 shows only a partial recovery. The claims that 2019 was the highest year and that the number fell every year are false.

3. A class tested two paper airplane designs, five throws each. Average distance: Design A, 8.2 m indoors and 6.1 m outdoors; Design B, 7.5 m indoors and 7.3 m outdoors. The class concluded that Design B was less affected by moving outdoors than Design A was. Which choice most effectively uses the data to support this conclusion?
   A. Design A flew farther than Design B indoors.
   B. Design B's distance dropped by only 0.2 m outdoors, while Design A's dropped by 2.1 m.
   C. Both designs flew farther indoors than outdoors.
   D. Design A flew 6.1 m outdoors, farther than Design B.

   Answer: Design B's distance dropped by only 0.2 m outdoors, while Design A's dropped by 2.1 m.. The claim compares how much each design changed. Only this choice gives both changes (7.5 minus 7.3, and 8.2 minus 6.1). *Design A flew farther than Design B indoors* and *Both designs flew farther indoors* are true but do not compare the size of the drops. *Design A flew 6.1 m outdoors, farther than Design B* is false: B flew 7.3 m.

4. A survey asked 200 students to name their favorite school lunch. Data: pizza 70, tacos 50, sandwiches 50, salad 30. The survey found that pizza was the most popular choice, though ______ Which choice most effectively uses the data to complete the statement?
   A. salad was the least popular option.
   B. tacos and sandwiches were each picked by 50 students.
   C. it was picked by 70 of the 200 students, fewer than half of those surveyed.
   D. it was picked by more than half of the students.

   Answer: it was picked by 70 of the 200 students, fewer than half of those surveyed.. *Though* sets up a limit on pizza's popularity. 70 of 200 is 35%, under half. Tacos, sandwiches and salad are accurate but are not about pizza. *More than half* is false.

5. A student hypothesized that tomato plants given more water each day would produce more tomatoes. Data: 1 cup a day, 14 tomatoes; 2 cups, 22; 3 cups, 21; 4 cups, 13. Which choice most effectively uses the data to weaken the hypothesis?
   A. Plants given 2 cups a day produced more tomatoes than plants given 1 cup.
   B. Plants given 3 cups a day produced more tomatoes than plants given 1 cup.
   C. Plants given 1 cup a day produced 14 tomatoes.
   D. Plants given 4 cups a day produced 13 tomatoes, fewer than any other group.

   Answer: Plants given 4 cups a day produced 13 tomatoes, fewer than any other group.. The hypothesis predicts that the most water gives the most tomatoes. The group with the most water produced the fewest, which goes directly against it. The 2-cup and 3-cup comparisons with 1 cup support the hypothesis, and one number alone (14) does not test it.

## Frequently asked questions

### Do SAT Reading and Writing graph questions need math?

Very little. You may compare two numbers, find a difference, or check whether something is more than half. Most of the work is matching the right data to the claim. The built-in calculator is for the Math section, so expect simple comparisons you can do in your head.

### Why is a choice wrong if it is true according to the graph?

Because the question asks for data that completes or supports a specific claim. A true number about a group or year the claim does not mention proves nothing. On these questions, most wrong answers are accurate. Relevance is what decides.

### What should I read first, the graph or the passage?

The passage. Find the claim and the words right before the blank. Then read the graph's title, labels and units, and look only for the numbers that would prove that claim. Reading the graph first wastes time on data you do not need.

## Sources

- [College Board, Assessment Framework for the Digital SAT Suite, version 3.01 (August 2024)](https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/assessment-framework-for-digital-sat-suite.pdf), accessed 2026-10-01
- [College Board, The Digital SAT Suite of Assessments Specifications Overview](https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/digital-sat-test-spec-overview.pdf), accessed 2026-10-01

## Related

- [SAT command of evidence: textual](https://duckyhelper.com/learn/sat-reading-writing/command-of-evidence-textual/)
- [SAT inference questions](https://duckyhelper.com/learn/sat-reading-writing/inferences/)
- [How the SAT Reading and Writing section works](https://duckyhelper.com/learn/sat-reading-writing/how-the-section-works/)
- [SAT Reading and Writing study guides](https://duckyhelper.com/learn/sat-reading-writing/)

## Try asking Ducky

- "Look at this table with me and tell me which part of the claim I am not proving."
- "I keep picking true facts that do not answer the question. Give me three more like this."
- "Walk me through reading this line graph's labels before I answer."

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